Composition and method for increasing the anabolic state of muscle cells

ABSTRACT

A nutritional supplement comprising at least a therapeutically effective amount of ethyl pyruvate and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one α-hydroxy branched-chain amino acid metabolite is provided by the present invention. The ingredients of the present nutritional supplement substantially simultaneously act to induce a anabolically-favorable state for muscle by substantially simultaneously maintaining blood and muscle physiological pH levels as well as increasing cellular concentrations of branched-chain amino acids. Both a composition and a method are provided by the present disclosure.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement for inducingan anabolically-favored state for muscle by substantially simultaneouslymaintaining blood and muscle physiological pH levels as well asincreasing cellular concentrations of branched-chain amino acids. Morespecifically, the present invention relates to a nutritional supplementcomprising a combination of ethyl pyruvate and α-hydroxyisocaproic acid(HICA).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

During intense periods of exercise, where the rate of demand for energyis high, pyruvate resulting from the breakdown of glucose is convertedinto lactate. This reduction of pyruvate to lactate is beneficial sinceit regenerates NAD⁺ for the continuation of glycolytic energy productionrequired by the working muscle. Increased lactate can be removed in anumber of ways; it can be exported from the oxygen-deficient cell andtaken up by an oxygen-rich cell where it can be oxidized to pyruvate andused directly to fuel the citric acid cycle (Brooks G.A. Mammalian fuelutilization during sustained exercise. Comp Biochem Physiol B BiochemMol Biol. 1998 May; 120(1):89-107. Review), or it can be reconverted bythe liver, through the Cori cycle, to glucose.

The recognition of monocarboxylate transport (MCT) proteins in themitochondria and the closely associated lactate oxidation complexes(Kirkwood S.P., Munn E.A., Brooks G.A. Mitochondrial reticulum in limbskeletal muscle. Am J. Physiol. 1986 September; 251(3 Pt 1):C395-402),suggests that lactate can be transported and oxidized in themitochondria of the same cell.

Contrary to popular belief, increased levels of lactate do not directlycause acidosis; an elevated presence of acidic species (Robergs R,Ghiasvand F, Parker D. Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolicacidosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004; 287:R502-16).Lactate appears to be a consequence rather then the cause of cellularevents which cause acidosis. The physiological state of muscle cells aresuch that lactate never has hydrogen available to decrease pH in thesurrounding solution. Acidosis is actually a result of the hydrolysis ofATP, wherein hydrogen ions are released into the surrounding solution.During heavy exercise, ATP is produced and utilized quickly in thecytoplasm causing a rapid decrease in cellular pH. The buffering systemsof the tissues are rapidly overcome and pH drops resulting in a state ofacidosis.

Additionally, several hours after exercise there are dynamic changes inthe rates of both skeletal muscle synthesis and breakdown. Theconsumption of specific dietary components are known to furtherinfluence the response of skeletal muscle to exercise. The maincomponents of food which are known to stimulate increased muscle proteinsynthesis are amino acids (Rennie M J. Body maintenance and repair: howfood and exercise keep the musculoskeletal system in good shape. ExpPhysiol. 2005 July; 90(4):427-36). Increased levels of circulatingessential amino acids have been shown to stimulate protein synthesis(Smith K, Reynolds N, Downie S, Patel A, Rennie M J. Effects of floodingamino acids on incorporation of labeled amino acids into human muscleprotein. Am J Physiol. 1998 July; 275(1 Pt 1):E73-8).

More specifically, the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) consisting ofLeucine, Isoleucine and Valine, are not only used for the synthesis ofother amino acids, but are also important in the regulation of anabolicprocesses in muscle. Furthermore, BCAA not only increase the rate ofprotein synthesis but also inhibit the rate of protein degradation(Matthews D E. Observations of branched-chain amino acid administrationin humans. J Nutr. 2005 June; 135(6 Suppl):1580S-4S).

In situations following extended periods of repetitive, forcefulmuscular contractions, such as during exhaustive physical exercise, itwould be advantageous for an individual to both maintain physiologicalpH levels and increase cellular concentrations of Leucine. In thisregard, the anabolic state of muscle is increased, facilitating shorterrecovery periods as well as increasing strength and muscle size.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed towards a nutritional supplement,comprising at least a therapeutically effective amount of ethyl pyruvateand a therapeutically effective amount of α-hydroxyisocaproic acid(HICA). The ingredients of the present nutritional supplement act toinduce an anabolically-favored state in muscle by substantiallysimultaneously maintaining blood and muscle physiological pH levels aswell as increasing cellular concentrations of Leucine. Both acomposition and a method are provided by the present disclosure.

In additional aspects of the present invention the α-hydroxyisocaproicacid (HICA), may be replaced by other α-hydroxy branched-chain aminoacid metabolites, such as α-hydroxy-β-methylvaleric acid (HIMVA), andα-hydroxy-isovaleric acid (HIVA), for example. Additionally, thecomposition of the present invention may include one or more of theα-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA), α-hydroxy-β-methylvaleric acid (HIMVA),and α-hydroxy-isovaleric acid (HIVA).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanations, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, toone of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may bepracticed without these specific details.

The present invention is directed towards a nutritional supplement, forinducing an anabolically-favored state in muscle by substantiallysimultaneously maintaining blood and muscle physiological pH levels aswell as increasing cellular concentrations of Leucine.

As used herein, the term ‘anabolic’ is understood to represent metabolicprocesses where complex molecules are synthesized from more simple ones,i.e. synthesis of muscle proteins from amino acids. Additionally, asused herein, the term ‘anabolic’ also includes mechanisms of actionwhich are anti-catabolic, such as destructive processes wherein thebreak down or larger molecules into smaller molecules occurs.

As used herein, ‘α-hydroxyisocaproic acid’ makes reference to thechemical 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid, (CAS Registry No. 498-36-2),also known as HICA, or leucic acid. Additionally, as used herein, theterm ‘α-hydroxyisocaproic acid’ also includes derivatives ofα-hydroxyisocaproic acid such as esters, and amides, and salts, as wellas other derivatives, including derivatives having substantially similarpharmacoproperties to α-hydroxyisocaproic acid upon metabolism to anactive form.

As used herein, the term ‘α-hydroxy branched-chain amino acidmetabolite’ includes nitrogen-free metabolites of the branched-chainamino acids, Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine. More specifically, the term‘α-hydroxy branched-chain amino acid metabolite’ refers toα-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA), α-hydroxy-β-methylvaleric acid (HIMVA),and α-hydroxy-isovaleric acid (HIVA).

A used herein, the term ‘nutritional supplement’ includes dietarysupplements, diet supplements, nutritional compositions, supplementaldietary and other compositions similarly envisioned and termed notbelonging to the conventional definition of pharmaceutical interventionsas is known in the art. Furthermore, ‘nutritional supplements’ asdisclosed herein belong to category of compositions having at least onephysiological function when administered to a mammal by conventionalroutes of administration.

Ethyl Pyruvate

Pyruvate, or pyruvic acid, is a simple α-ketocarboxylate which is animportant intermediate of glucose metabolism as well as being anendogenous antioxidant and free radical scavenger (Brand K A, HermfisseU. Aerobic glycolysis by proliferating cells: a protective strategyagainst reactive oxygen species. FASEB J. 1997 April; 11(5):388-95).This recognition of pyruvate as an effective free radical scavengerprompted a surge of investigation for therapeutic uses.

However, a limitation with regard to the usefulness of pyruvate is itspoor stability in aqueous solution (Sappington P L, Han X, Yang R,Delude R L, Fink M.P. Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates intestinal epithelialbarrier dysfunction in endotoxemic mice and immunostimulated caco-2enterocytic monolayers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 January;304(1):464-76). Upon dissolution in water pyruvate undergoescondensation and cyclization type reactions resulting in a variety ofchemical species, some of which may be toxic (Montgomery C.M., Webb J.L.Metabolic studies on heart mitochondria. II. The inhibitory action ofparapyruvate on the tricarboxylic acid cycle. J Biol Chem. 1956 July;221(1):359-68). In order to overcome the shortcomings of pyruvate anester derivative, ethyl pyruvate, was developed. Ethyl pyruvate will notundergo the condensation and cyclization type reactions in water becauseof the ester protecting group. Specific enzymes, such as esterases whichare present in mammals are required for the removal of the ethyl ester.Thus the use of ethyl pyruvate enhances the uptake of pyruvate byreducing the potential for condensation and cyclization.

Pyruvate is endogenously produced in cells as a result of the metabolismof glucose by glycolysis. In situations where a cell has an adequatesupply of oxygen the pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A,transported into the mitochondria, and enters a series of reactionscollectively known as the Krebs cycle. However, in situations of oxygendeficiency, often occurring in muscle as a result of extended periods ofexercise, the pyruvate is converted into lactate. While pyruvate can betransported directly into the mitochondria, most of it is reduced tolactate in the cytosol, prior to transport. This reduction of pyruvateconsumes a free proton from the cytoplasm and so acts as a bufferagainst acidosis (Robergs R, Ghiasvand F, Parker D. Biochemistry ofexercise-induced metabolic acidosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr CompPhysiol. 2004; 287:R502-16).

Lactate, resulting from the conversion of pyruvate, can be transportedinto the mitochondria where it can be oxidized (Butz C E, McClellandG.B., Brooks G.A. MCT1 confirmed in rat striated muscle mitochondria. JAppl Physiol. 2004 September; 97(3):1059-66), or it can be exported outof the cell and taken up by oxygen-rich muscle cells. The transport oflactate into the mitochondria is facilitated by MCT proteins, which areproton-linked transporters, i.e. protons are co-transported into themitochondria with lactate (Roth D.A., Brooks G.A. Lactate and pyruvatetransport is dominated by a pH gradient-sensitive carrier in ratskeletal muscle sarcolemmal vesicles. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1990June:279(2):386-94). Therefore, as cytostolic pH decreases as a resultof ATP hydrolysis and cytostolic concentrations of lactate increase as aresult of ethyl pyruvate administration, the co-transport of freeprotons and lactate out of the cytosol is increased.

It is herein understood by the inventors that inclusion of ethylpyruvate in a nutritional supplement will increase cellular levels ofpyruvate. This increased concentration of cellular pyruvate willfacilitate greater conversion to lactate, thus greater consumption offree protons, and increased regeneration of NAD⁺. The increasedregeneration of NAD⁺will facilitate greater levels of glycolytic energyproduction required by the working muscle and the increased consumptionof free cytosolic protons will buffer against acidosis resulting fromthe increased glycolytic energy production. Additionally, it is alsounderstood by the inventors that increased levels of cytosolic lactatewill increase the co-transport of protons and lactate into themitochondria, thereby further buffering the cell against acidosis aswell as increasing the substrate inside the mitochondria available tofuel the citric acid cycle.

In an embodiment of the present invention, which is set forth in greaterdetail in the examples below, the nutritional composition comprisesethyl pyruvate. A serving of the nutritional composition comprises fromabout 0.0001 g to about 0.75 g of ethyl pyruvate.

α-Hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA)

α-Hydroxyisocaproic acid is an end product of the metabolism of thebranched chain amino acid, Leucine. Foods that are produced byfermentation, such as some cheeses, may contain small amounts of HICA.HICA is a reduction product of the α-keto acid analog of Leucine,α-ketoisocaproic acid (KICA), and as such contributes to the free poolsof branched chain amino acids (BCAA). HICA belongs to the groupcollectively known as branched chain amino acid analogues.

Branched chain amino acid analogues are essentially nitrogen-free aminoacids and may serve three roles in cases of nitrogen accumulation, 1)providing the dietary requirement of the corresponding branched-chainamino acid without increasing nitrogen intake; 2) reducing the amount ofnitrogen that must be excreted from the body; and 3) increasing levelsof Leucine, which plays a key role in protein turnover and preventswasting of lean body mass. It is important to note that nitrogenaccumulation can result from a number of situations including thecatabolism of proteins in muscle during exercise.

Since branched chain amino acid analogues may be reaminated back toamino acid, e.g. HICA can be converted to KICA which can subsequently beconverted back to Leucine, they can act to provide the dietaryrequirements for BCAA without increasing level of ingested nitrogen(Boebek K P, Baker D H. Comparative utilization of the α-keto and D- andL-α-hydroxy analogs of Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine by chicks andrats. J Nutr. 1982 October; 112(10):1929-39). This reamination will actto reduce accumulation of nitrogen in working cells, which will resultin a reduction in the occurrence of delayed onset muscular soreness.

Administration of about 1.5 g of HICA daily after intense exercise for aperiod of 42 days (Karila T, Seppala T. α-Hydroxyisocaproic acid(HICA)—a Leucine metabolite for muscle recovery following exercise.www.elmomed.com) resulted in a statistically significant increase intotal lean soft tissue mass. Additionally it was noted that subjectsreceiving HICA experienced little to no delayed onset muscle soreness.It is likely that this elimination of delayed onset muscle soreness is aresult of inhibition of metalloproteinases, which are responsible fordegradation of the extracellular matrix during tissue remodeling.

Additionally in high catabolic states, such as those induced byintensive exercise, both α-keto acids and α-hydroxy acid metabolites ofbranched chain amino acids may be oxidized for energy instead of thebranched chain amino acids themselves (Staten M A, Bier D M, Matthews DE. Regulation of valine metabolism in man: a stable isotope study. Am JClin Nutr. 1984 December; 40(6):1224-34). Using the deaminatedmetabolites, e.g. HICA, over the aminated forms, e.g. Leucine, will actto attenuate ammonia accumulation in working muscle. Also, α-hydroxyacid analogues, like HICA, can be reaminated to yield the correspondingbranched chain amino acids (Hoffer L J, Taveroff A, Robitaille L, MameO.A., Reimer M.L. Alpha-keto and alpha-hydroxy branched-chain acidinterrelationships in normal humans. J Nutr. 1993 September;123(9):1513-21). Thus, oral administration of at least one α-hydroxybranched-chain amino acid metabolite will act to increase levels of thecorresponding branched-chain amino acid present in skeletal muscle.

Leucine is able to stimulate protein synthesis and inhibit proteinbreakdown (Tischler M E, Desautels M, Goldberg A L. Does Leucine,leucyl-tRNA, or some metabolite of Leucine regulate protein synthesisand degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle? J Biol Chem. 1982 Feb.25; 257(4):1613-21), both of which would be favorable in working muscleas they result in increased skeletal muscle growth and decreasedrecovery time.

It is herein understood by the inventors that oral administration ofHICA will act to increase muscular concentrations of Leucine by actingas a substitute for Leucine in catabolism for energy as well aspotentially being reaminated to form Leucine. Increased levels ofLeucine will stimulate protein synthesis and inhibit protein breakdown,thereby inducing an anabolically-favorable state for the cell.Additionally, it is herein understood by the inventors that oraladministration of HIMVA and HIVA will act to increase muscularconcentrations of Isoleucine and Valine, respectively, by at least themechanisms discussed above.

In an embodiment of the present invention, which is set forth in greaterdetail in the examples below, the nutritional composition comprisesα-hydroxyisocaproic acid. A serving of the nutritional compositioncomprises from about 0.00001 g to about 0.75 g of α-hydroxyisocaproicacid.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, which is set forth ingreater detail in the examples below, the nutritional compositioncomprises α-hydroxy-β-methylvaleric acid. A serving of the nutritionalcomposition comprises from about 0.00001 g to about 0.75 g ofα-hydroxy-β-methylvaleric acid.

In an embodiment of the present invention, which is set forth in greaterdetail in the examples below, the nutritional composition comprisesα-hydroxy-isovaleric acid. A serving of the nutritional compositioncomprises from about 0.00001 g to about 0.75 g of α-hydroxy-isovalericacid.

In various embodiments of the present invention, which are set forth ingreater detail in the examples below, the nutritional supplementcomprises ethyl pyruvate and at least one α-hydroxy branched-chain aminoacid metabolite. The nutritional supplement is provided in anyacceptable and suitable oral dosage form as known in the art. Asynergistic anabolically-favorable state for the cell, via substantiallysimultaneously maintaining physiological pH levels and increasingcellular concentrations of branched-chain amino acids, is induced andcarried out in an individual by administration of the composition of thepresent invention.

The nutritional supplement of the present invention may be administeredin a dosage form having controlled release characteristics, e.g.time-release. Furthermore, the controlled release may be in forms suchas a delayed release of active constituents, gradual release of activeconstituents, or prolonged release of active constituents. Such activeconstituent release strategies extend the period of bioavailability ortarget a specific time window for optimal bioavailability.Advantageously the nutritional supplement may be administered in theform of a multi-compartment capsule which combines both immediaterelease and time-release characteristics. Individual components of thenutritional supplement may be contained in differential compartments ofsuch a capsule such that specific components are released rapidly whileothers are time-dependently released. Alternatively, a uniform mix ofthe various components of the present invention may be divided into bothimmediate release and time-release compartments to provide amulti-phasic release profile.

While not wishing to be bound by theory, the present invention iscomprised of components which act to attenuate acidosis in workingmuscle by increasing the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, whichconsumes free cytostolic protons (H⁺). Additionally, increasedconcentrations of lactate, which result, will increase the co-transportof lactate and cytostolic H⁺into the mitochondria, thereby decreasingthe concentration of cytostolic protons and increasing substrates in themitochondria which are available to fuel the citric acid cycle. Both ofthe aforementioned mechanisms will enhance the buffering ability of thecell. Since decreased cellular pH has been linked to cell damage(Bevilacqua L, Ramsey J.J., Haqopian K, Weindruch R, Harper M.E. Effectsof short- and medium-term calorie restriction on muscle mitochondrialproton leak and reactive oxygen species production. Am J PhysiolEndocrinol Metab. 2004 May; 286(5):E852-61 (Abstract)) leading todegradation, attenuation of pH decreases would be anti-catabolic and assuch would act to induce an anabolically-favorable state for the cell.

Additionally, the present invention comprises components which have beenshown to increase levels of branched-chain amino acids. It is hereinunderstood by the inventors that inclusion of HICA in the nutritionalsupplement will act to increase muscular concentrations of Leucine byacting as a substitute for Leucine in catabolism for energy as well aspotentially being reaminated to form Leucine. Increased levels ofLeucine will stimulate protein synthesis and inhibit protein breakdown,thereby inducing an anabolically-favorable state for the cell.

Further to the aforementioned functions, it is herein understood thatadministration of ethyl pyruvate and HICA concomitantly in a singleserving of the nutritional supplement act substantially simultaneouslyto induce an anabolically-favorable state in cells. Administration ofethyl pyruvate increases cellular concentrations of lactate which arepreferentially utilized for energy, thereby sparing the concentrationsof BCAA, such as Leucine. In a manner similar to ethyl pyruvate, HICAwill spare the concentrations of BCAA, however, HICA has the additionalcapability of conversion to Leucine, thereby not only conservingLeucine, but also acting to increase the concentrations of Leucine.Therefore, administration of ethyl pyruvate and HICA together willconserve and increase Leucine concentrations, wherein ananabolically-favorable state for the cell is induced.

Additional embodiments of the present invention may also includeportions of the composition as fine-milled ingredients. U.S.Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 11/709,526 entitled “Methodfor Increasing the Rate and Consistency of Bioavailability ofSupplemental Dietary Ingredients” filed Feb. 21, 2007, which is hereinfully incorporated by reference, discloses a method of increasing therate of bioavailability following oral administration of componentscomprising supplemental dietary compositions by the process ofparticle-milling.

Furthermore, additional embodiments of the present invention may beincorporated into specific controlled-release solid dosage forms. U.S.Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 11/709,525 entitled “Methodfor a Supplemental Dietary Composition Having a Multi-Phase DissolutionProfile” filed Feb. 21, 2007, which is herein fully incorporated byreference, discloses a method of achieving a solid oral dosage form withmultiple dissolution characteristics for the release of activeingredients.

According to various embodiments of the present invention, thenutritional supplement may be consumed in any form. For instance, thedosage form of the nutritional supplement may be provided as, e.g., apowder beverage mix, a liquid beverage, a ready-to-eat bar or drinkproduct, a capsule, a liquid capsule, a tablet, a caplet, or as adietary gel. The preferred dosage forms of the present invention are asa caplet or as a liquid capsule.

Furthermore, the dosage form of the nutritional supplement may beprovided in accordance with customary processing techniques for herbaland nutritional supplements in any of the forms mentioned above.Additionally, the nutritional supplement set forth in the exampleembodiment herein disclosed may contain any appropriate number and typeof excipients, as is well known in the art. By way of ingestion of thecomposition of the present invention, a method for inducing ananabolically-favorable state for the cell by substantiallysimultaneously maintaining blood and muscle physiological pH levels andincreasing cellular concentrations of Leucine, is provided. The methodof the present invention comprises at least the step of administering toan individual a therapeutically acceptable amount of the composition ofthe present invention.

Although the following example illustrates the practice of the presentinvention in one of its embodiments, the example should not be construedas limiting the scope of the invention. Other embodiments will beapparent to one of skill in the art from consideration of thespecifications and example.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A nutritional supplement comprising the following ingredients perserving is prepared for consumption as a caplet three times daily priorto meals:

from about 0.0001 g to about 0.75 g of ethyl pyruvate and from about0.00001 g to about 0.75 g of α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA).

Example 2

A nutritional supplement comprising the following ingredients perserving is prepared for consumption as a caplet three times daily priorto meals:

about 0.001 g of ethyl pyruvate and about 0.0001 g ofα-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA).

Example 3

A nutritional supplement comprising the following ingredients perserving is prepared for consumption as a time-releasemulti-compartmented capsule twice daily prior to meals, preferably oncebefore the first meal and once before the last meal of the day:

about 0.005 g of ethyl pyruvate and about 0.0005 g ofα-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA).

Example 4

A nutritional supplement comprising the following ingredients perserving is prepared for consumption as a capsule to be taken once dailyprior to exercise:

about 0.01 g of ethyl pyruvate, about 0.001 g of α-hydroxyisocaproicacid (HICA), about 0.001 g of α-hydroxy-β-methylvaleric acid (HIMVA),and about 0.001 g of α-hydroxy-isovaleric acid (HIVA).

Example 5

A nutritional supplement comprising the following ingredients perserving is prepared for consumption as a caplet to be taken once dailyfollowing exercise:

about 0.01 g of ethyl pyruvate, about 0.001 g of α-hydroxyisocaproicacid (HICA), about 0.001 g of α-hydroxy-β-methylvaleric acid (HIMVA),and about 0.001 g of α-hydroxy-isovaleric acid (HIVA).

Extensions and Alternatives

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with aspecific embodiment thereof; however, it will be evident that variousmodifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from thebroader spirit and scope of the invention.

1. A composition for causing an anabolically-favorable state for musclein a mammal, comprising from about 0.0001 g to about 0.75 g of ethylpyruvate and from about 0.00001 g to about 0.75 g of at least oneα-hydroxy branched-chain amino acid metabolite.
 2. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the α-hydroxy branched-chain amino acid metabolite isselected from the group consisting of α-hydroxyisocaproic acid,α-hydroxy-β-methylvaleric acid, and α-hydroxy-isovaleric acid.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 2, wherein the amount of the ethyl pyruvate isabout 0.001 g and the amount of the α-hydroxyisocaproic acid is about0.0001 g.
 4. The composition of claim 2 wherein the ethyl pyruvate andthe α-hydroxy branched-chain amino acid metabolite are part of a solidoral dosage form having a multi-phasic rate of dissolution.
 5. Thecomposition of claim 4 wherein said multi-phasic rate of dissolutioncomprises a first-phase and a second-phase; whereby said first-phase hasa first rate of dissolution said second-phase has a second rate ofdissolution.
 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the multi-phasicrate of dissolution provides a time-release mechanism.
 7. Thecomposition of claim 5, further comprising a third-phase, whereby saidthird-phase has a third rate of dissolution.
 8. The composition of claim7, wherein the multi-phasic rate of dissolution provides a time-releasemechanism.
 9. A method for causing an anabolically-favorable state ofmuscle in a mammal, comprising at least the step of administering to themammal a and from about 0.00001 g to about 0.75 g at least one α-hydroxybranched-chain amino acid metabolite.
 10. The method of claim 9, whereinthe α-hydroxy branched-chain amino acid metabolite is selected from thegroup consisting of α-hydroxyisocaproic acid, α-hydroxy-β-methylvalericacid, and α-hydroxy-isovaleric acid.
 11. The method of claim 10, whereinthe amount of the ethyl pyruvate is about 0.001 g; and the amount of theα-hydroxyisocaproic acid is about 0.0001 g.
 12. The method of claim 10wherein the ethyl pyruvate and the α-hydroxyisocaproic acid are part ofa solid oral dosage form having a multi-phasic rate of dissolution. 13.The method of claim 12 wherein said multi-phasic rate of dissolutioncomprises a first-phase and a second-phase; whereby said first-phase hasa first rate of dissolution said second-phase has a second rate ofdissolution.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the multi-phasic rateof dissolution provides a time-release mechanism.
 15. The method ofclaim 13, further comprising a third-phase, whereby said third-phase hasa third rate of dissolution.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein themulti-phasic rate of dissolution provides a time-release mechanism.